How to Calculate Take-Home Pay: A Step-by-Step Guide

Gross salary is the number on your offer letter. Take-home pay is the number that actually hits your bank account. The gap between the two is almost always larger than people expect, and knowing exactly what to expect matters for budgeting, negotiating salary, and planning major purchases.

The general formula

Net pay = Gross salary
        − Income tax
        − Social insurance contributions (NI / FICA / CPP+EI / Medicare levy)
        − Pre-tax benefit deductions (pension/401k/super if salary-sacrificed)
        + Any refundable tax credits

Each country calculates each of these components differently. Let's go through them.

United States: gross to net

For an employee earning $85,000/year, single, no pre-tax deductions (2025):

1. Federal income tax: Taxable income = $85,000 − $15,750 standard deduction = $69,250. Tax = (11,925 × 10%) + (36,550 × 12%) + (20,775 × 22%) = $1,193 + $4,386 + $4,571 = $10,149
2. Social Security (FICA): 6.2% × $85,000 = $5,270
3. Medicare: 1.45% × $85,000 = $1,233
4. State income tax: varies 0–13.3%; for this example assume 5% on taxable income ≈ $3,463

Total deductions: $10,149 + $5,270 + $1,233 + $3,463 = $20,115.
Annual take-home: $85,000 − $20,115 = $64,885 (~$5,407/month).

Pre-tax 401(k) contributions reduce both federal income tax and (in most states) state income tax. Contributing the 2025 limit of $23,500 would cut taxable income to $45,750, reducing federal income tax by roughly $4,900 and effectively "costing" you only about $17,400 in reduced take-home for $23,500 of retirement savings.

United Kingdom: gross to net

For an employee earning £52,000/year (2026/27):

1. Personal Allowance: £12,570 tax-free
2. Income tax: (£50,270 − £12,570) × 20% + (£52,000 − £50,270) × 40% = £37,700 × 20% + £1,730 × 40% = £7,540 + £692 = £8,232
3. National Insurance (Class 1): 8% on earnings between £12,570 and £50,270 = (£37,700 × 8%) = £3,016; plus 2% on (£52,000 − £50,270) = £35. Total NI: £3,051

Total deductions: £8,232 + £3,051 = £11,283.
Annual take-home: £52,000 − £11,283 = £40,717 (~£3,393/month).
Effective overall rate: 21.7%.

Pension contributions via salary sacrifice reduce gross pay before NI is calculated — making them more valuable than post-tax pension contributions. Each £1 of salary sacrifice saves 8% NI on top of the income tax saving.

Canada: gross to net

For an employee earning $95,000/year in Ontario (2026):

1. Federal income tax: ($58,523 × 14%) + ($36,477 × 20.5%) = $8,193 + $7,478 = $15,671 before the BPA credit. BPA credit: 14% × $16,452 = $2,303. Federal tax after credit: $13,368
2. CPP contributions: 5.95% × ($74,600 − $3,500) = 5.95% × $71,100 = $4,230, plus CPP2: 4% × ($85,000 − $74,600) = $416
3. EI premiums: 1.63% × $68,900 (max insurable earnings) = $1,123
4. Ontario provincial tax: approximately $6,300 at this income level

Total deductions: $13,368 + $4,230 + $416 + $1,123 + $6,300 = $25,437.
Annual take-home: $95,000 − $25,437 = $69,563 (~$5,797/month).
Effective overall rate: 26.8%.

Australia: gross to net

For an employee earning AUD $95,000/year (2026/27):

1. Income tax: (0 × $18,200) + ($45,000 − $18,200) × 15% + ($95,000 − $45,000) × 30% = $4,020 + $15,000 = $19,020 (the 16% rate was cut to 15% from 1 July 2026)
2. Low Income Tax Offset (LITO): phases out above $37,500; at $95,000, LITO = $0
3. Medicare levy: 2% × $95,000 = $1,900

Total deductions: $19,020 + $1,900 = $20,920.
Annual take-home: $95,000 − $20,920 = $74,080 (~$6,173/month).
Effective overall rate: 22.0%.

Superannuation (employer contribution of 12% of ordinary earnings) is paid on top of salary — it doesn't come out of your take-home, but it's part of your total compensation. Your employer is paying an additional $11,400/year into your super fund.

Pay frequencies and how to convert

To convert between pay frequencies:

• Annual → monthly: ÷ 12
• Annual → semi-monthly (twice a month): ÷ 24
• Annual → bi-weekly (every two weeks): ÷ 26
• Annual → weekly: ÷ 52

Note: bi-weekly and semi-monthly are not the same. Bi-weekly produces 26 paycheques per year; semi-monthly produces 24. Two months per year you receive three bi-weekly paycheques — effectively a "bonus" month that can be directed to savings or debt repayment.

Common reasons take-home is lower than expected

• Benefits deductions — health insurance premiums, dental, vision, FSA, HSA contributions come out pre-tax in the US
• Pension/super contributions — employee contributions reduce take-home (though they also reduce tax)
• Withholding adjustments — W-4 elections (US) or variations in tax codes (UK) can result in over- or under-withholding throughout the year
• Year-end adjustments — annual bonuses are often withheld at the highest marginal rate regardless of your actual effective rate